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Drug approval --- Biologicals --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects
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Solvents --- Chemical elements --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects
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Solvents --- Chemical elements --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects
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Drug approval --- Biologicals --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects
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January 1998 Industrial water pollution stabilizes with economic development, but there is no evidence that it declines. Using new international data, Hettige, Mani, and Wheeler test for an inverse U-shaped, or Kuznets, relationship between industrial water pollution and economic development. They measure the effect of income growth on three proximate determinants of pollution: the share of manufacturing in total output, the sectoral composition of manufacturing, and the intensity (per unit of output) of industrial pollution at the end of pipe. They find that the manufacturing share of output follows a Kuznets-type trajectory, but the other two determinants do not. Sectoral composition gets cleaner through middle-income status and then stabilizes. At the end of pipe, pollution intensity declines strongly with income. The authors attribute this partly to stricter regulation as income increases and partly to pollution-labor complementarity in production. When they combine the three relationships, they do not find a Kuznets relationship. Instead, total industrial water pollution rises rapidly through middle-income status and remains roughly constant thereafter. To explore the implications of their findings, the authors simulate recent trends in industrial water pollution for industrial economies in the OECD, the newly industrialized countries, Asian developing countries, and ex-COMECON economies. They find roughly stable emissions in the OECD and ex-COMECON economies, moderate increases in the newly industrialized countries, and rapidly growing pollution in the Asian developing countries. Their estimates for the 1980s suggest that Asian developing countries displaced the OECD economies as the greatest generators of industrial water pollution. Generally, however, the negative feedback from economic development to pollution intensity was sufficient to hold total world pollution growth to about 15 percent over the 12-year sample period. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of industrial pollution control in developing countries. The study was funded by the Research Support Budget under the research project The Economics of Industrial Pollution Control in Developing Countries (RPO 680-20).
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Performance-based renewal conditions for tropical forest concessions provide a powerful incentive for loggers to adopt reduced-impact logging practices and to comply with minimum-diameter cutting limits - even with short concession agreements. In government-owned tropical forests, timber is often harvested under concession agreements with private logging companies. Forestry departments typically impose logging regulations to minimize the negative environmental impacts of logging, but logging practices throughout the tropics appear to be undermining the sustainability of timber and nontimber benefits from tropical forests. Boscolo and Vincent use bioeconomic simulations to test the empirical significance of several common recommendations for promoting better logging practices in tropical forests. They find that: * Because of the effects of discounting, longer concessions give loggers little incentive to adopt reduced-impact logging or to comply with minimum-diameter cutting limits. * Royalties can be used to encourage compliance with minimum-diameter cutting limits but discourage the adoption of reduced-impact logging. And per tree royalties, which encourage compliance with minimum-diameter cutting limits, tend to be less effective as revenue instruments. * Relatively small performance bonds can be used to induce loggers to adopt reduced-impact logging, but very large bonds are needed to induce compliance with minimum-diameter cutting limits. * Reduced-impact logging and minimum-diameter cutting limits both have significant positive effects on environmental indicators, but these benefits come at the cost of a substantial reduction in the timber value of the stand. * Performance-based renewal conditions provide a powerful incentive for loggers to adopt reduced-impact logging and to comply with minimum-diameter cutting limits - even with short concession agreements. * Performance-based renewal conditions sharply reduce the size of the performance bond needed to induce compliance with minimum-diameter cutting limits. Royalties, but not area charges, have a similar, although weaker, effect. The authors' results also suggest that a cause of premature reentry into logged forests is minimum-diameter cutting limits that exceed minimum commercial log diameters, combined with weak control over access to logged-over forests. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to elucidate the economics of conservation policies. Marco Boscolo may be contacted at mboscolo@hiid.edu.
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Mercury --- Suspended sediments --- Heavy metals --- Water --- Heavy metals --- Mercury --- Suspended sediments --- Water --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Pollution --- Environmental aspects. --- Environmental aspects. --- Environmental aspects. --- Pollution. --- Nevada
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